The Truth About Ghostwriting

THE TRUTH ABOUT GHOSTWRITING Ronald Reagan once quipped about his autobiography, â€Å"I hear it’s a terrific book. One of these days I’m going to read it myself.† Rarely does a celebrity exhibit such candor in acknowledging their partnership with a ghostwriter. In fact, the entire practice of ghostwriting seems shaded in mystery. To deconstruct the myths and doubts surrounding the practice, we’re shining light on some of the most common questions about ghostwriting: What is a ghostwriter? The Free Dictionary defines the term as â€Å"one who writes for and gives credit of authorship to another† while Oxford Dictionary specifies that a ghostwriter is â€Å"a person whose job it is to write material for someone else who is the named author.† The practice dates back as far as the 5th century B.C., when scribes wrote material for royalty. And world leaders throughout history have relied on ghostwriters to present an amenable front to their constituents. Even venerable George Washington didn’t craft his own Farewell Address; he left that to Alexander Hamilton. Christy Walsh – known as America’s first sports agent – coined the word in 1921, as he found ghostwriters to write autobiographies for sports stars, including the legendary Babe Ruth. Walsh was open about his practice of using ghostwriters, famously saying, â€Å"Dont insult the intelligence of the public by claiming these men write their own stuff.† But the practice existed as a   mostly hidden secret of the publishing world for many years. Today, electronic publishing options have made producing a book or other works a more affordable prospect. Coupled with the rise of electronic media, celebrity memoirs have become an industry standard, increasing demand for ghostwriting assistance. Why use a ghostwriter? If you lack the time or skill to articulate your ideas into written form, a ghostwriter can help. Whether you need assistance crafting a compelling whitepaper or compiling your family history into a memoir, you can find ghostwriters with experience in a wide variety of written form. When evaluating the prospect of bringing a ghostwriter on to your project, ask yourself the following questions: Do I have the time to devote to writing and proofreading this project? Do I have the discipline to write this material in an efficient manner? Do I have the skill to professionally communicate my ideas in written form? Do I enjoy the writing process? Do I have the skills necessary to research and conduct interviews on this topic? Do I have the budget to hire a quality ghostwriter? Who uses ghostwriters? Busy professionals often lack the time to devote to an intensive writing project. While many people enjoy writing as a creative outlet – journaling their thoughts or sharing ideas on social media – they may lack the professional polish needed for certain publications. In these instances, a creative thinker pairs well with a ghostwriter. Politicians, celebrities, business leaders, and even family historians use ghostwriters. Ghostwriters tackle not only the well-known formats of memoirs and works of fiction. They also work on a diverse range of projects, including: blogs, thought leadership pieces, speeches, scripts, ebooks, Wikipedia entries, song lyrics, op-eds, and editorial content. Which celebrities use ghostwriters? The better question is â€Å"Which celebrities don’t use ghostwriters?† In the world of celebrity memoir, ghostwriting rates approach 100%. Even highly-regarded, award-winning books like John F. Kennedy’s Pulitzer Prize-winning Profiles in Courage often have a ghostwriter behind them. On the flip side, some celebrities have taken their turn as ghostwriters. Before becoming a household name, Barry Manilow wrote advertising jingles such as State Farm’s enduring â€Å"Like a Good Neighbor† and Band-Aid’s â€Å"I am Stuck on Band-Aid.† Which authors use ghostwriters? A Priceonomics article on ghostwriting suggests that at least 25% of the New York Times nonfiction bestseller list is ghostwritten. The practice is rampant in fiction genres as well. Perhaps the most famous examples of ghostwritten fiction are the iconic Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys series. These children’s books, launched in the 1920s and 1930s and having accumulated nearly 200 books in each series to date, were written by various ghostwriters under a common pseudonym. More recently, Tom Clancy and James Patterson owned up to using ghostwriters for some of their works. If you notice an author’s successive books debuting on shelves at a rapid pace, chances are good that there’s a ghostwriter involved. How do I find a ghostwriter? Comb through trade journals, newspaper articles, and websites for authors who have worked on material in your field. These authors may be open to ghostwriting work. When perusing books, look for keywords on the cover such as â€Å"with† in smaller print after the primary author’s name. The acknowledgements page also sometimes gives a nod to a ghostwriter. Professional writing firms often offer ghostwriting services along with in-house editing. These firms may offer a team approach that involves a ghostwriter working alongside a proofreader and editor. Such collaboration often leads to a more polished manuscript. Look for these attributes as you evaluate potential ghostwriters: Portfolio – Ask to see examples of the writer’s work. Organization – The writer should meet deadlines and communicate efficiently. Professionalism – The writer should maintain a non-judgmental air, enabling you to comfortably share ideas and research without fear of criticism. Respect – The writer gives you final say and the opportunity to approve, ask questions, and give feedback on all material. Discretion – The writer agrees to sign a non-disclosure agreement. How much do ghostwriters charge? Ghostwriting fees vary dramatically, depending on the amount of work required and experience level of the writer. Ghostwriters may bill hourly, by the word, or by the project. Some ghostwriters looking to build their portfolios may agree to a lower upfront fee accompanied by a percentage of royalties. Reputable ghostwriters’ rates usually start in the hundreds for the smallest projects and go up from there. Expect to pay at least $20,000 for a full length book. Elite ghostwriters charge upwards of $500,000 for their work on celebrity memoirs. As in many industries, ghostwriting costs can be reduced through outsourcing the trade to locations like India and China. While outsourced prices may seem like a bargain, the savings should be weighed against the value of writing produced in one’s native language. The English language contains numerous nuances that can lead to choppy and awkward outsourced or translated copy. In ghostwriting, the adage â€Å"you get what you pay for† usually rings true. How do ghostwriters work? â€Å"I’m fulfilling a similar function to a barrister in court, pleading the case of their client,† says prolific ghostwriter Andrew Crofts. â€Å"I listen to their story and then tell it for them, helping to get across their view of the world and the way things happen in it.† Early in a project, the named author conferences with the ghostwriter, sharing notes, outlines, and ideas. The ghostwriter conducts a series of interviews with the named author and other relevant parties. The ghostwriter typically spends significant time researching through interviews and other means. Finally, the ghostwriter composes the manuscript, communicating with the named author on any pertinent questions. The named author receives the manuscript for review prior to publication. Some ghostwriters share their work with the named author throughout the process. Others feel sharing the work in progress disturbs their creative flow and argue they can work more efficiently with minimal client interaction. If you are considering hiring a ghostwriter, choose a working relationship – collaborative or turnkey – that feels right to you. Collaborative relationships often require more from the named author in terms of time and dedication to the project, but the danger of getting a â€Å"surprise† at the end of the process is generally reduced. What are some common myths about ghostwriting? Given the unusual name, the ghostwriting field garners much intrigue and misunderstanding. Common myths include: Ghostwriters are hard to find – With careful research, you should be able to find a ghostwriter skilled to write in your content area. Ghostwriters work on commission – Most ghostwriters work on a flat rate and are open to discussing payment options prior to beginning work on your project. Any writer can effectively ghostwrite – It takes a special skill set to conduct the necessary research, provide customer service, and convincingly write in someone else’s voice. Many prominent authors fail as ghostwriters. Is it illegal to use ghostwriters? Ghostwriting is not illegal. In fact, Calvin Coolidge was the last U.S. President who did not keep a full-time ghostwriter on staff. The practice is widely embraced by politicians, the business world, and the publishing industry alike. Are ghostwriters credited? Ghostwriters are usually not credited, though some named authors may choose to acknowledge a ghostwriter using â€Å"with† or â€Å"as told to† on the cover of their publication. Other named authors show appreciation to their ghostwriter on the acknowledgements page. Make sense of the semantics by considering that Webster defines author as â€Å"one that originates or creates.† The word derived from the Latin auctor (one who gives increase), as in â€Å"an originator or causer.† Since a ghostwriter does not â€Å"originate† an idea, but works to bring the ideas of others to written fruition, the originator of the work takes credit as the named author. Some confusion exists between the terms â€Å"ghostwriter† and â€Å"co-author.† These terms differ in that – although a ghostwriter should provide proactive feedback or suggestions – a ghostwriter typically provides content based on the instructions and ideas of another person. A co-author expects to work as a partner in the venture, will be a named author on the book, and will share in proceeds. Their subject-matter expertise is often essential to forming the material concept for the work. Is it ethical to use ghostwriters? Ghostwriting is accepted without much ado in most fields, with two notable exceptions. Ethical concerns can present regarding medical ghostwriting, the practice of attaching the names of scientists or physicians to ghostwritten articles and publishing the material in medical journals. â€Å"This behavior creates obvious conflicts of interest, distorts medical evidence, [and] affects consumers by their bias towards certain drugs,† writes Ernesto Spinak on SciELO in Perspective. A 2008 survey published in the British Medical Journal found the â€Å"prevalence of articles with honorary authorship, ghost authorship, or both† at around 20% of articles published in a selection of general medical journals. Academic ghostwriting also creates concern. Naturally, some college students are keen on avoiding the arduous task of essay writing. So-called â€Å"essay mills† step in and ghostwrite papers for students. The practice is not illegal in the United States or the United Kingdom. However, the practice is considered unethical and is subject to the charge of â€Å"academic fraud,† with subsequent university penalties. Is ghostwriting plagiarism? Ghostwriting is not considered plagiarism because plagiarism involves the theft of original writing. Ghostwriting involves a mutually agreed upon collaboration and compensated exchange of written material.

Mandatory Civil Service

Mandatory Civil Service Every person should be entitled to protection and provision by his or her nation. There is no single person brought up as a citizen of this country who can claim that he or she owes nothing to this nation. Just as every adult is nurtured in this country, it would be right if something were given in return to the mother country as a gesture of respect for duty.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mandatory Civil Service specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to General MacArthur, â€Å"Duty, honor and country: Those three things determine what one ought to be, what one can be, and what one will be.† (MacArthur 2). It is impossible to pay back the generosity of the country in equal measure, but a gesture of gratitude can help foster a sense of duty and obligation in every citizen. In this essence, it is appropriate that every young person in the country engages in an activity in service of the nation. Barak Obam a said, â€Å"We cannot continue to rely only on our military in order to achieve the national security objectives that we’ve set. We’ve got to have a civilian national security force that’s just as powerful, just as strong, just as well-funded.† (qtd. in Elliot 5). Those were president Obama’s words to American people in July. It is also important to mention that the particular service is only appropriate when the person involved is young. It is easier for anyone to manage such a service when responsibilities are few. This service goes further to increase the labor power of the people in the country. For their civil service, the young citizens will get remuneration and compensation for their constructive contribution to the nation. In that case, it is necessary to serve the nation as a citizen if one has no apparent duty in any other sector of the economy. This call comes rather as an obligation than as a statutory requirement. For many years, som e young people have been trying to avoid fulfilling their responsibilities, leaving a few willing individuals to work on their behalf. There are those who work in the civil service as a way of paying the community back. Others are forced to engage in country service for years due to some circumstances rather than their own will. This is particularly true for those youth who have deprived backgrounds. Youth coming from poor families have to work since there is no other support coming from the government or their parents. Others are rich enough not to engage in a service of any kind since they regard it humiliating to serve the nation. This kind of attitude is detrimental to the development of our society. Therefore, we must instill a sense of duty and obligation in every young citizen of this country. This policy could be a better solution to problems affecting many youths in this country. Currently, this country is the greatest consumers of narcotics. The consumption can be attribut ed to the idle young people who have a lot of free time and money, which they may have obtained from their parents or even from illegal activity. This decadence and the lack of any sense of responsibility are likely to lead this country to many problems in future since at that particular time, the current youth will be at the helm of the country.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This action presents an opportunity for the people of this country to solve the perpetual problem of labor. If all young people work in the civil service for a short time, this will ease the burden of labor off the working population. We are more likely to experience labor problems and complaints in future. We can take advantage of the young population to increase the productivity of this country. This program is not only aimed at engaging young people in socially important activities util izing their abilities, but it is also an opportunity to train young people on the basic requirements of dealing with various situations in life. People in their teenage years have energy but lack skill to use their skills for a constructive purpose (Smolla 119). No responsible person would like to be idle and unproductive. Thus, since we consider our youth well-meaning, it would be better to engage them in a productive activity. This idea can be seen to violate the principles of liberty. However, it is important to note that the youth undertaking the mandatory civil service will not be kept in service longer than the required time. The duration which one will work in the civil service is also limited. This shows that the program is not meant to exploit the young people for any reason but to train them on the right approach to life. It is also an important program for their country. In fact, this strategy benefits the youth more than any other group in the country. It is, therefore, imperative that the young people themselves support this plan. It is not our intention to impose unwanted duties on the youth. Some places, such as Thailand, have seen the success of this policy on a smaller scale (Smolla 115). South Korea, one of the fastest developing economies in the world, has also implemented this policy (Cho 189). According to all the future benefits of the program, it is possible to make this great idea real and advantageous to this country. Cho, Kuk. Conscientious Objection to Military Service in Korea. Oregon Review of Internal Law 9.2 (2007): 181-108. Print. Elliot, Brenda J. SecDef’s â€Å"Soft Power†: Civilian Expeditionary Workforce RBO. 28 May 2012. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mandatory Civil Service specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More MacArthur, Douglas. General MacArthurs Thayer Award Speech Duty, Honor, Country (1962). Department of Defense Pamphlet GEN-1A, US Government Printing Office, 1964. Web. Smolla, Rodney. Community Service Programs. Law and Contemporary Problems 62.4 (2011): 112-124. Print.

Using the Six German Modal Verbs

Using the Six German Modal Verbs Modal verbs are used to indicate a possibility or necessity. English has modal verbs like can, may, must, and will. Similarly, German has a total of six modal (or modal auxiliary) verbs that you will need to know because theyre used all the time. What Are the German Modal Verbs? Man kann einfach nicht ohne die Modalverben auskommen!  (You simply cant get along without the modal verbs!) Can (kà ¶nnen) is a modal verb. The other modal verbs are just as impossible to avoid. You have to (mà ¼ssen) use them to complete many sentences. You shouldnt (sollen) even consider trying not to. But why would you want to (wollen)? Did you notice how many times we used modal verbs while explaining their importance? Here are the six modal verbs to look out for: dà ¼rfen -  may, be permitted  Ã‚  Ã‚  kà ¶nnen -  can, be ablemà ¶gen -  like  Ã‚  Ã‚  mà ¼ssen -  must, have tosollen -  should, ought to  Ã‚  Ã‚  wollen -  want to Modals derive their name from the fact that they always  modify  another verb. Additionally, they are always used in tandem with the infinitive form of another verb, as in,  Ich muss morgen nach Frankfurt fahren. (ich muss  Ã‚  fahren) The infinitive at the end may be left off when its meaning is clear:  Ich muss morgen nach Frankfurt. (I must [go/travel] to Frankfurt tomorrow.). Whether implied or stated, the infinitive is always placed at the end of the sentence. The exception is when they appear in subordinate clauses: Er sagt, dass er nicht kommen kann. (He says he cannot come.) Modals in the Present Tense Each modal only has two basic forms:  singular  and  plural. This is the most important rule you need to remember about modal verbs in the present tense. As an example, the verb kà ¶nnen  has the basic forms  kann  (singular) and  kà ¶nnen  (plural). For the singular pronouns  ich,  du,  er/sie/es, you will use  kann  (du  adds its usual -st  ending:  du kannst).For the plural pronouns  wir,  ihr,  sie/Sie, you will use  kà ¶nnen  (ihr  takes its usual -t  ending:  ihr kà ¶nnt). Also, note the resemblance to English  in the pairs  kann  / can and  muss  / must. This means that the modals are actually simpler to conjugate and use than other German verbs. If you remember that they have only two basic present tense forms, your life will be much easier. All of the modals work the same way:  dà ¼rfen/darf,  kà ¶nnen/kann,  mà ¶gen/mag,  mà ¼ssen/muss,  sollen/soll,  wollen/will. Modal Tricks and Peculiarities Some German modals take on a special meaning in certain contexts.  Sie kann Deutsch, for example, means She knows German. This is short for Sie kann Deutsch... sprechen/schreiben/verstehen/lesen. which means She can speak/write/understand/read German. The modal verb  mà ¶gen  is most often used in its subjunctive form:  mà ¶chte  (would like). This implies the probability, wishful thinking, or politeness common in the subjunctive. Both  sollen  and  wollen  can take on the special idiomatic meaning of it is said, its claimed, or they say.  For example,  Er will reich sein,  means He claims to be wealthy. Similarly, Sie soll Franzà ¶sin sein, means They say shes French. In the negative,  mà ¼ssen  is replaced by  dà ¼rfen  when the meaning is the prohibitive must not. Er muss das nicht tun, means He doesnt have to do that. To express, He must not do that, (not allowed to do that), the German would be,  Er darf das nicht tun. Technically, German makes the same distinction between  dà ¼rfen  (to be permitted) and  kà ¶nnen  (to be able) that English does for may and can. However, in the same way  that most English speakers in the real world use He cant go, for He may not go, (doesnt have permission), German speakers also tend to ignore this distinction. You will often find, Er kann nicht gehen, used  instead of the grammatically correct version, Er darf nicht gehen. Modals in the Past Tense In the simple past tense (Imperfekt), the modals are actually easier than in the present. All six modals add the regular past tense marker -te  to the stem of the infinitive. The four modals that have umlauts in their infinitive form, drop the umlaut in the simple past: dà ¼rfen/durfte, kà ¶nnen/konnte, mà ¶gen/mochte, and mà ¼ssen/musste. Sollen becomes sollte;  wollen  changes to wollte. Since the English could has two different meanings, it is important to be aware of which one you intend to express in German. If you want to say, we could do that, in the sense of we were able to, then you will use   wir konnten  (no umlaut). But if you mean it in the sense of we might be able to or its a possibility, then you must say,  wir kà ¶nnten  (the subjunctive form, with an umlaut, based on the past tense form). The modals are used much less frequently in their present perfect forms (Er hat das gekonnt, meaning He was able to do that.). Instead, they typically take  on a double infinitive construction (Er hat das nicht sagen wollen, meaning He didnt want to say that.).

Business Plan for a Coffee House Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Plan for a Coffee House - Assignment Example The main purpose of my business plan is to start a coffee house venture as I feel that this is a very viable option. In California today, there are a large number of coffee houses that run because of a demand created by people to have a place where they can sit, relax and enjoy beverages and eatables. Most people are willing to pay a certain amount of money as they would rather meet their friends and family at such locations and enjoy a nice morning, afternoon or evening with them. The sales for coffee have kept on increasing over the last decade despite a time of financial downturn. This is because this is a beverage that has a lasting demand among the community. Therefore, the main purpose of my business plan is to provide people with a place to enjoy their beverages in, coupled with European style food so that they are attracted by the quality and creativity that I have attempted to bring about with the help of my plan. (Weitzman, H. 2006) Other than this, the purpose is also to provide employment, generate profits as well as bring about a fair trade where the farmers who I import my coffee from will be guaranteed at least $1.26 per pound which is twice the going rate for coffee. (Weber, Jeremey 2007) (Weitzman, H. 2006) My products will include a number of meals and beverages as well as desserts, mostly European ones so that people find some amount of differentiation and this is what helps to set my venture apart from the already established coffee houses in the country. I wish to provide the age bracket of 14-28 years a place, with free wireless internet so that they are able to come, relax and enjoy good food and coffee, and at the same time, get their work done, meet their friends and just have a bit of change away from home. I feel I will be able to carry out this project very well since I have excellent interpersonal skills and also a very dynamic personality. I am aware that there are many competitors in this  industry such as Starbucks.

The Antiquity of the Han Dynasty Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Antiquity of the Han Dynasty - Term Paper Example They adopted legalism for the strength of their ruler ship and to set the rules and regulations while on the other hand Confucianism was meant to be followed by common people because of the importance of morals and the guidance towards achieving the moralistic rewards and satisfaction. Han dynasty aimed strongly towards achieving a direct control of people by the state. The set of rules and regulations meant for the people of the early imperial China to follow were clearly directed towards achieving a unified nation. China flourished economically right after the supremacy of Wu Ti who was a renowned militant successful in the expansion of borders into Vietnam and Korea. This was a huge step towards an increase of population in order to colonize the entire area. The economic expansion assisted immensely in producing a proper platform for the trade opportunities that came their way and this platform was named as the 'Silk road' that helped the traders to channel their line of work and Silk in particular was sold through this route. Along with the economic development, agriculture increased on an apparent high scale and irrigational systems were introduced to increase the development within the Northern areas in China. The education sector also developed during the Han period because of a new honorable class of gentry that was introduced. With education came a stack of informative encyclopedias to assist the Chinese youth to strengthen themselves academically. The best among these encyclopedias was that of the 'Book of the mountains and seas' that comprises of everything from geography to the natural world and philosophy. One of China's greatest historians was Sima Qian, who was the author of the 'Records of the historian (Shiji)' that became China's first ever attempt to properly compile the events from their antiquity. The Han dynasty is believed of having two distinct ruler ships; the first one was that of the Chinese with the other one ruled by a member of the previous Han dynasty who declared that he was responsible for the restoration of the Han dynasty. The original Han rule according to him was sabotaged because of the power gained by the rich people. The second dynasty however, enjoyed mu ch of success with the foreign policies that they adopted. The opponent of the Han dynasty eventually tried to create a huge empire while including the entire Turkistan after which Turkistan was conquered by Chinese instantly. China suffered immensely economically and politically in the form of trade discrepancies after the span of struggle in Turkistan. This period massively highlights the movement by the Yellow turbans and China emerged as a unified nation once again but the defeat of the yellow turbans did not unify them on a single ground but instead three kingdoms emerged and the Han dynasty came to an end. The artifacts of the Han dynasty: The antiquity of the remarkable Han dynasty has been preserved in the silhouette of many artifacts which unveils the way they perceived the world and the philosophy behind their great minds. The artifacts are mostly in the form of shrines, steles and sculptures which portrays their notable aesthetic sense and the artistic excellence that they possessed. A pair of stone felines: This is a stone sculpture that well preserves the historic culture of China and presents a pair of a male and a female stone lion which was

How People Interact With Search Engines

How People Interact With Search Engines A search engine is a web-based tool that enables users to locate information on the World Wide Web. Popular examples of search engines are Google, Yahoo!, and MSN Search. Search engines utilize automated software applications (referred to as robots, bots, or spiders) that travel along the Web, following links from page to page, site to site. The information gathered by the spiders is used to create a searchable index of the Web. When people use the term search engine in relation to the Web, they are usually referring to the actual search forms that searches through databases of HTML documents, initially gathered by a robot. There are basically three types of search engines: Those that are powered by robots (called crawlers; ants or spiders) and those that are powered by human submissions; and those that are a hybrid of the two. HOW DO SEARCH ENGINES WORK? Every search engine uses different complex mathematical formulas to generate search results. The results for a specific query are then displayed on the SERP. Search engine algorithms take the key elements of a web page, including the page title, content and keyword density, and come up with a ranking for where to place the results on the pages. Each search engines algorithm is unique, so a top ranking on Yahoo! does not only a short period before the search engines developers become wise to the tactics and change their algorithm. More likely, sites using these tricks will be labeled as spam by the search engines and their rankings will plummet. animation mean nothing to search engines, but the actual text on your pages does. It is difficult to build a Flash site that is as friendly to search engines; as a result, Flash sites will tend not to rank as high as sites developed with well coded HTML and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets a complex mechanism for adding styles to website pages above and beyond regular HTML). If the terms you want to be found by do not appear in the text of your website, it will be very difficult for your website to yield high placement in the SERPs. Crawler-based search engines are those that use automated software agents (called crawlers) that visit a Web site, read the information on the actual site, read the sites meta tags and also follow the links that the site connects to performing indexing on all linked Web sites as well. The crawler returns all that information back to a central depository, where the data is indexed. The crawler will periodically return to the sites to check for any information that has changed. The frequency with which this happens is determined by the administrators of the search engine. Human-powered search engines rely on humans to submit information that is subsequently indexed and catalogued. Only information that is submitted is put into the index. In both cases, when you query a search engine to locate information, youre actually searching through the index that the search engine has created -you are not actually searching the Web. These indices are giant databases of information that is collected and stored and subsequently searched. This explains why sometimes a search on a commercial search guarantee a prominent ranking on Google, and vice versa. To make things more complicated, the algorithms used by search engines are not only closely guarded secrets, they are also constantly undergoing modification and revision. This means that the criteria to best optimize a site with must be surmised through observation, as well as trial and error and not just once, but continuously. Gimmicks less reputable SEO firms tout as the answer to better site rankings may work at best for engine, such as Yahoo! or Google, will return results that are, in fact, dead links. Since the search results are based on the index, if the index hasnt been updated since a Web page became invalid the search engine treats the page as still an active link even though it no longer is. It will remain that way until the index is updated. So why will the same search on different search engines produce different results? Part of the answer to that question is because not all indices are going to be exactly the same. It depends on what the spiders find or what the humans submitted. But more important, not every search engine uses the same algorithm to search through the indices. The algorithm is what the search engines use to determine the relevance of the information in the index to what the user is searching for. One of the elements that a search engine algorithm scans for is the frequency and location of keywords on a Web page. Those with higher frequency are typically considered more relevant. But search engine technology is becoming sophisticated in its attempt to discourage what is known keyword stuffing, or spamdexing. Another common element that algorithms analyze is the way that pages link to other pages in the Web. By analyzing how pages link to each other, an engine can both determine what a page is about (if the keywords of the linked pages are similar to the keywords on the original page) and whether that page is considered important and deserving of a boost in ranking. Just as the technology is becoming increasingly sophisticated to ignore keyword stuffing, it is also becoming more savvy to Web masters who build artificial links into their sites in order to build an artificial ranking. SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of affecting the visibility of a website or a webpage in a search engines natural or un-paid (organic) search engine results In general, the earlier (or higher ranked on the search results page), and more frequently a site appears in the search results list, the more visitors it will receive from the search engines users. SEO may target different kinds of search, including image search, local search video search, academic search news search and industry-specific vertical search engines engines. As an internet marketing strategy, SEO considers how search engines work, what people search for, the actual search terms or keywords typed into search engines and which search engines are preferred by their targeted audience. Optimizing a website may involve editing its content ,HTML and associated coding to both increase its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the indexing activities of search engines. Promoting a site to increase the number of back links or inbound links, is another SEO tactic. HOW PEOPLE INTERACT WITH SEARCH ENGINES We like to say Build for users, not search engines. When users have a bad experience at your site, when they cant accomplish a task or find what they were looking for, this often correlates with poor search engine performance. On the other hand, when users are happy with your website, a positive experience is created, both with the search engine and the site providing the information or result. What are users looking for? There are three types of search queries users generally perform: Do Transactional Queries Action queries such as buy a plane ticket or listen to a song. Know Informational Queries When a user seeks information, such as the name of the band or the best restaurant in New York City. Go Navigation Queries Search queries that seek a particular online destination, such as Facebook or the homepage of the NFL. When visitors type a query into a search box and land on your site, will they be satisfied with what they find? This is the primary question search engines try to figure out millions of times per day. The search engines primary responsibility is to serve relevant results to their users. It all starts with the words typed into a small box. KEYWORD RESEARCH It all begins with words typed into a search box. Keyword research is one of the most important, valuable, and high return activities in the search marketing field. Ranking for the right keywords can make or break your website. 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Experiment to Measure the Heart Rate and Ventilation Rate Before, During and After Moderate Exercise Essay

I predict that during exercise the heart and respiratory rate (RR) will increase depending on the intensity of exercise and the resting rates will be restored soon after exercise has stopped. I believe that the changes are caused by the increased need for oxygen and energy in muscles as they have to contract faster during exercise. When the exercise is finished the heart and ventilation rates will gradually decrease back to the resting rates as the muscles’ need for oxygen and energy will be smaller than during exercise. Experiment: 1. To start with the experiment we measured the persons resting heart rate and respiratory rate where there was no strain on the muscles. We continued to check both pulse and respiratory rates at 30 second intervals during the course of exercise. 2. We decided to make the length of each consecutive exercise 30 seconds long. Between each session we allowed the student’s pulse and respiratory rate return to their resting rates, otherwise the results would not be fair if both rates were higher at the start of the exercise. 3.  Throughout each exercise the student made sure that equal paces were maintained so that it would not affect the heart or respiratory rate in a different way. Immediately after exercise the subject sat down in a chair so that both the heart and respiratory rates could be taken. The pulse rate was measured first for 15 seconds, if we had taken the pulse rate for 1 minute the pulse rate would have slowed down. As soon as the pulse rate was taken we then took the respiratory rate for 15 seconds. We then waited for both rates to return to their normal resting rates before starting the next exercise. Fair Testing: Our experiment was about how the heart and respiratory rates are affected by exercise. Unless we use a stethoscope we cannot measure both rates directly. We measured the pulse rate on the carotid artery. This will keep the experiment fair because each heart beat set up a ripple of pressure which passes along the arteries. The ripple can be felt as a pulse as the artery’s muscular wall expands and relaxes. Measuring the pulse rate is measuring the subject’s hearts beats except there is minimal lapse between the beat and the pulse. The diastole and systole produce a very distinctive two tone sound which is very easily felt. So to make sure we do not count twice we will always count the first pulse of the two. (Boyle and Senior Pgs. 160 – 161) Tiffin (Northumberland College Notes Jan’12) Sources of Error: The sources of error in this experiment that we would have to include are: * Subject being fit / unfit †¢ Healthy / Unhealthy * Smoker / Non-smoker †¢ On regular medication * Drinker / Non-drinker †¢ Suffer from any illnesses * No ECG Monitor †¢ Male / Female We have to make sure that we keep the same person throughout. This is because every person has a different diet, fitness level, weight, stature or is a different gender. All these factors affect a person’s heart or respiratory rate. If the person was changed during the experiment the results would not be reliable or fair. The subject’s resting heart and respiratory rates would be different and their body’s reaction to exercise would also be different. The pace of the subject will affect their heart and respiratory rates. They may start off at a quick pace, but go slower when they begin to tire. The subject must rest between each exercise so that all the lactic acid and CO? can be carried away. The tiredness of the student will affect the pace at which the subject performs their exercise. This is why it is crucial for fair results throughout the exercise. It is also necessary to allow the subject to recover before carrying on with their exercise. We must measure the subject’s pulse and respiratory rates in the same position as we did their resting rates. If we do not, we would not get accurate results. If we were to take the subject’s pulse rate standing up the heart rate would rise because the muscles are working to keep the subject upright. The heart rate would have to work harder in order to keep their muscles working. We decided to measure the subject’s pulse and respiratory rates whilst sitting down because there would be no additional stress on their heart, which would increase their heart rate. Their heart rate should also return to its resting heart rate due to the decrease of muscle use. I have placed the results from our experiment in form of a table and will use the average results to form a graph. I have also prepared a graph to show the results throughout the exercise. As the results show the highest increase in the pulse rate is in exercise 2 where the pulse rises by 44 BPM and the respiratory rate by 8 RR. Thereafter it continues to rise by 40 BPM and 8 RR. We did however experience a higher respiratory rate in the second lot of results in exercise 4 where the respiratory rate did rise by 12 RR. During exercise, the subject’s heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and their cardiac output (the amount of blood pumped per heart beat) all increase to maintain a state of balance, known as homeostasis. Homeostasis is a self-regulating process by which the human body maintains internal stability under fluctuating environmental conditions. Blood flow to the subject’s heart, their muscles, and their skin increase. Sweat glands secrete a salty solution that evaporates from the skin, taking heat with it. Their body’s metabolism becomes more active, producing CO? and H+ in the muscles and consequently lowers PH. The subject breathes faster and deeper to supply the oxygen required by this increased metabolism. With strenuous exercise, their body’s metabolism exceeds the oxygen supply and begins to use alternate biochemical processes that do not require oxygen. These processes generate lactic acid, which enters their blood stream. The subject’s cardiovascular system, their breathing system and their muscles work in conjunction with each other in order to perform their tasks more efficiently. A vital process of exercise is respiration (the production of energy). Principally, respiration is the breakdown of oxygen and glucose into carbon dioxide, water and ATP. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and has the ability to break down both fatty acids and glucose. Anaerobic respiration takes place when there is a lack of oxygen, a lactate is formed and fatty acids cannot be broken down. (Boyle and Senior Pgs. 62, Pg. 215 and Pg. 222) Tiffin (Northumberland College Notes Feb’12) Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water – C6H12O6 + 6O? —–>6CO? +6H? O+Energy Oxygen is taken into the subject’s lungs and then diffused into their bloodstream. Cells need oxygen to respire so more oxygen needs to be transported to muscle cells. This then causes the subject to breathe more deeply. Thei r intercostal muscles (muscles in between the ribs) contract up and out, moving the subject’s ribs and diaphragm up and out (a sheet of muscle at the bottom of the thorax, chest cavity). This increases the subject’s space available in their lungs for air to fill. More air in the lungs means there is more oxygen, so that more oxygen can be diffused into the bloodstream. The number of the subject’s breaths increases too, to maintain a high concentration gradient. Heart rate also needs to increase to keep their blood flowing through the lungs. The subject’s heart and respiratory rates rise because during exercise, their cell respiration in the muscles increase, so the level of carbon dioxide in their blood rises. Carbon dioxide is slightly acid, the brain detects the rising acidity in the subject’s blood, their brain then sends a signal through the nervous system to their lungs to breathe faster and deeper. Blood flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. The area of high pressure is the pressure created by the contraction of the subject’s ventricles, which forces blood out of their heart into the aorta. Resistance is caused by friction between the blood and the vessel walls. Gaseous exchange in the subject’s lungs increases allowing more oxygen into their circulatory system and removing more carbon dioxide. The subject’s brain then sends a signal to the sinoatrial node (SAN) to make the heart beat faster. Heart rate is controlled by the SAN. The subject’s rate goes up or down when the SAN receives information via their two automatic nerves. (Boyle and Senior Pgs. 160-162) Tiffin (Northumberland College Notes Jan-Feb 2012) †¢ Their sympathetic or accelerator nerve which speeds up their heart rate. The synapses at the end of this nerve secrete noradrenaline. †¢ Their parasympathetic or decelerator nerve, a branch of their vagus nerve, slows down their heart rate. (Boyle and Senior Pg. 162) A negative feedback system controls the subject’s level of carbon dioxide. During exercise, their blood level of carbon dioxide starts to rise. This is detected by chemoreceptors situated in three places: the carotid artery, the aorta and the medulla. Nerve impulses travel from these receptors to the subject’s cardiovascular centre. In response, their cardiovascular centre sends impulses down the sympathetic nerve to increase the subject’s heart rate. Their heart rate returns to normal after the cardiovascular centre sends impulses down the parasympathetic nerve once carbon dioxide levels have dropped. Boyle and Senior Pg. 162) Tiffin (Northumberland College Notes Feb’12) At rest During Exercise These images illustrate the alveoli and a red blood cell during rest and activity. This is the site where the red blood cells exchange carbon dioxide molecules for oxygen molecules to transport throughout the body. Notice the increase of both molecules as activity increases. (Zygote Media Group, Inc. ) The heart’s natural pacemaker – the SA node – sends out regular electrical impulses from the top chamber (the atrium) causing it to contract and pump blood into the bottom chamber (the ventricle). The electrical impulse is then conducted to the ventricles through a form of ‘junction box’ called the AV node. The impulse spreads into the ventricles, causing the muscle to contract and to pump out the blood. The blood from the right ventricle goes to the lungs, and the blood from the left ventricle goes to the body. (SADS Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome) Conclusion: I have concluded, with the evidence provided in the graphs and table, in which the pulse and ventilation rates do increase during exercise. Overall, the results confirm the initial prediction that the heart and ventilation rates increase during exercise and return to normal level shortly after exercise has been completed. Heart and ventilation rates increased during the high intensity exercise to feed the body’s need for more oxygen and energy have been decreasing gradually immediately after exercise has finished as the muscles did not need more energy than usually. It is important to take into account each individual’s personal health, fitness and lifestyle when considering the effects of exercise. Generally, the fitter the individual, more quickly the resting rate is achieved.