Definition and Examples of Parsing in English Grammar

Definition and Examples of Parsing in English Grammar Parsing is a linguistic exercise that includes separating a book into its segment grammatical features with a clarification of the structure, work, and syntactic relationship of each part so the content can be comprehended. The term parsing originates from the Latin standards for grammatical form). In contemporary phonetics, parsing as a rule alludes to the PC helped syntactic examination of language. PC programs that consequently add parsing labels to a book are called parsers. Key Takeaways: Parsing Parsing is the way toward separating a sentence into its components with the goal that the sentence can be understood.Traditional parsing is finished by hand, here and there utilizing sentence charts. Parsing is additionally engaged with increasingly complex types of examination, for example, talk investigation and psycholinguistics. Parse Definition In phonetics, to parse intends to separate a sentence into its segment parts with the goal that the importance of the sentence can be comprehended. Now and again parsing is finished with the assistance of apparatuses, for example, sentence outlines (visual portrayals of grammatical developments). While parsing a sentence, the peruser observes the sentence components and their grammatical features (regardless of whether a word is a thing, action word, descriptor, and so on.). The peruser likewise sees different components, for example, the action word tense (current state, past tense, future tense, and so on.). When the sentence is separated, the peruser can utilize their investigation to decipher the importance of the sentence. A few language specialists draw a qualification between full parsing and skeleton parsing. The previous alludes to the full examination of a book, including as itemized a depiction of its components as could be expected under the circumstances. The last alludes to a less difficult type of investigation used to get a handle on a sentences essential importance. Customary Methods of Parsing Generally, parsing is finished by taking a sentence and separating it into various grammatical forms. The words are put into unmistakable syntactic classifications, and afterward the linguistic connections between the words are distinguished, permitting the peruser to decipher the sentence. For instance, take the accompanying sentence: The man opened the entryway. To parse this sentence, we initially order each word by its grammatical form: the (article), man (thing), opened (action word), the (article), entryway (thing). The sentence has just a single action word (opened); we would then be able to distinguish the subject and object of that action word. For this situation, since the man is playing out the activity, the subject is man and the article is entryway. Since the action word is opened-as opposed to opens or will open-we realize that the sentence is in the past tense, which means the activity portrayed has just happened. This model is a basic one, yet it shows how parsing can be utilized to light up the significance of a book. Customary strategies for parsing could conceivably incorporate sentence graphs. Such visual guides are here and there supportive when the sentences being examined are particularly intricate. Talk Analysis Not at all like straightforward parsing, talk investigation alludes to a more extensive field of study worried about the social and mental parts of language. The individuals who perform talk investigation are keen on, among different points, kinds of language (those with certain set shows inside various fields) and the connections among language and social conduct, legislative issues, and memory. Along these lines, talk investigation goes a long ways past the extent of customary parsing, which is constrained to that singular writings. Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics is a field of study that manages language and its relationship with brain research and neuroscience. Researchers who work in this field study the manners by which the mind forms language, changing signs and images into important explanations. All things considered, they are fundamentally keen on the basic procedures that make customary parsing conceivable. They are intrigued, for instance, in how unique cerebrum structures encourage language securing and understanding. PC Assisted Parsing Computational semantics is a field of study where researchers have utilized a guidelines based way to deal with create PC models of human dialects. This work joins software engineering with psychological science, arithmetic, reasoning, and man-made consciousness. With PC helped parsing, researchers can utilize calculations to perform text investigation. This is particularly valuable to researchers in light of the fact that, not at all like conventional parsing, such devices can be utilized to rapidly investigate huge volumes of text, uncovering designs and other data that couldn't be handily acquired something else. In the developing field of advanced humanities, for instance, PC helped parsing has been utilized to dissect crafted by Shakespeare; in 2016, abstract history specialists finished up from a PC examination of the play that Christopher Marlowe was the co-creator of Shakespeares Henry VI. One of the difficulties of PC helped parsing is that PC models of language are rule-based, which means researchers must advise calculations how to decipher certain structures and examples. In real human language, in any case, such structures and examples don't generally have similar implications, and etymologists must break down individual guides to decide the rules that oversee them. Sources Dowty, David R., et al. Characteristic Language Parsing: Psychological, Computational and Theoretical Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, 2005.Halley, Ned. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Modern English: Grammar, Syntax and Style for the 21st Century. Wordsworth Editions, 2001.

Essay --

Field Of Innocence ? 27th September , 2013 Chennai : Little young men and young ladies , going around trees attempting to make up for lost time each other : this artwork on the dividers of the Juvenile Home in Kelly’s, Chennai holds no similarity to the lives of the Juveniles In Conflict With Law ( JCL). A glance at the young men here, consistently wearing blue, playing carrom would paint the image of the administration attempting to give an ordinary adolescence to the adolescents. In any case, the virus gaze the last give guests is verification of their guiltlessness lost . â€Å" You better not cheat . I vow to God I will execute you â€Å",says one JCL to another . The way that they’ve been â€Å"jailed† for wrongdoings as serious as murder has not decreased their aggression.To see 12 years olds looking at executing with so much conviction is discouraging. The system of graphing a JCL’s life in state run adolescent homes is on bewildered grounds . â€Å"We’ve no influence over the Juvenile Homes . We simply get the children who’ve perpetrated the wrongdoing and hand them over to the Social Welfare Department ( Defense) â€Å", says Shyamala Devi , Assistant Commisioner,Chennai...

Which Careers Are Best for Your Brain

Which Careers Are Best for Your Brain Theories Cognitive Psychology Print How Your Career Can Influence Your Brain By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Updated on February 20, 2020 Hero Images / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Could what you do for a living have an influence on your mental acuity and acumen as you age? According to the results of one study, careers that involve more mental complexity may help protect your brain from declines in cognitive abilities (such as thinking, reasoning, and remembering) as you age. People with mentally demanding jobs, such as surgeons, lawyers, civil engineers, and graphic designers, may have better memory in old age, the study indicated.?? Factors That Influence Your Cognitive Reserve Research has shown there are plenty of things people can do to protect their minds as they age. Things such as getting regular exercise, learning new things, and getting plenty of social interaction have all been linked to better cognitive abilities later on in life. Recently, research has shown that a more mentally stimulating and engaging lifestyle, including complex career choices, may also be associated with better cognitive outcomes in later life.?? The exact mechanisms behind this protective effect are not well understood. Some suggest that mental stimulation helps build up what is referred to as a cognitive reserve, which then helps protect the brain from the negative effects of aging and the pathological effects of disease. Others suggest that the same pre-existing factors that draw people to such mentally engaging activities are the same factors that protect the brain from the ravages of time and the aging process. Research on Complex Jobs According to a study published in the journal Neurology, work that invokes complexity with both people and data is associated with better cognitive functioning at age 70.?? These results, the researchers suggest, may point to a protective effect for the brain due to engaging in mentally complex careers. The participants in the study were a group of 1,066 people who are part of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936), a longitudinal study on aging. All of the participants were born in the year 1936 and most took part in the Scottish Mental Survey, an intelligence test given to 11-year-olds in 1947. The researchers classified careers by their complexity in three different areas: people, data, and things. Careers with a high complexity with people included jobs such as a doctor, social worker, lawyer, and probation officer. Jobs low in complexity with people included carpet layer and painter.Careers high in complexity with data included jobs such as musician, civil engineer, and architect. Jobs low in data complexity included such jobs as bus driver, and telephone operator.Careers high in complexity with things included jobs such as instrument maker or machine technician, while jobs low in this area included probation officer and accountant. The researchers then gathered information about the 70-year-old participants’ former occupations and years of education. The participants were also given a battery of cognitive tests that included measures of memory, processing speed, and general cognitive ability (or g factor). The results revealed that those who had held occupations ranked high on complexity with people or data performed better on cognitive tests than those whose former jobs ranked high in complexity with things. The researchers also found that those who held the most complex jobs with people, data, or things performed the best across all the cognitive domains that were assessed. The Effect of IQ This effect became somewhat smaller when the experimenters factored in the participants IQ scores at age 11, an indicator of how intelligent the volunteers were to begin with. According to the research, early intelligence was the greatest predictor of abilities at age 70, accounting for about 50% of the variance. Occupations, the experimenters believe, help maintain and strengthen neural networks, adding to the cognitive reserve that protects and preserves mental abilities as people age. While it is true that people who have higher cognitive abilities are more likely to get more complex jobs, there still seems to be a small advantage gained from those complex jobs for later thinking skills, explained Dr. Allan Gow of The University of Edinburgh and one of the studys co-authors.?? The authors noted, however, that their categorization of careers based on complexity was based on national survey data that might not accurately reflect the unique complexity of each individuals occupation. Self-report measures, the researchers suggested, might be a more useful assessment tool. Some jobs that an outsider might see as having low complexity with people or data may actually involve a great deal of working with others and manipulating information. The study also failed to look at how long people held their former occupations and how the amount of time spent working in a complex occupation might influence future cognitive abilities. A Word From Verywell Understanding the factors that impact the aging process is important, especially as researchers strive to discover the factors that influence cognitive decline and disease as people grow older. The jobs people hold make up such a huge part of adult life, so it stands to reason that occupations might play a lasting role in mental health and cognitive abilities. By gaining a deeper understanding of the role such factors might play, experts will hopefully be able to offer better advice on the prevention of cognitive declines.

Gender Identity Protection Helpful or Hurtful to All

Gender Identity Protection: Helpful or Hurtful to All? For decades there have been federal laws in place to help protect people trying to get a job, rent an apartment or simply join a club. The laws that are in place prevent discrimination as to race, creed, religion, age and sex. The thought of adding another change to accommodate people who have gender identity issues could cause heartburn on all levels of life. Everyday businesses and educational entities are adding gender identity protection to their platform as a protected class. The faculty council at University of Georgia has recommended to the school president Jere Morehead to add gender identity as a protected category. There are people up in arms about the situation and more than likely there will be heated debates on this issue. If you have ever seen a person going through the sex change process it is quite confusing to the onlooker. You may see a strong frame body of a male, however if you look closer and listen you may see this person wearing make-up, wearing women’s clothing and speaking in a higher tone. I would dare say that a person looking like that would go very far in any application process. Issues that would arise in colleges would be challenges in academic achievement since girls learn different than boys as well as personal relationships in the classroom and faculty. However, there are people who have problems adjusting to seeing a transgender person up close and personal without someShow MoreRelatedThe World Of Reproductive Justice And Politics Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesWithin the world of reproductive justice and politics, there is no such thing as â€Å"choice†. Every â€Å"choice† is intimately tied to a person’s class, gender, sexual orientation, and even geographical location. Choice is not something made by a person, but by the society they exist in. In mainstream America, having a baby naturally is an expectation while adoption is an unwanted backup choice. For these middle to upper class, predominantly white families, adoption means plan b, never the original andRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology Notes7715 Words   |  31 PagesDevelopment Sex – sexual anatomy and sexual behaviour Gender – perception of maleness or femaleness related to membership in a given society Week 8 Growing brain The brain grows at a faster rate than any other part of the body. By age 5, child’s brain weighs 90% of average adult brain weight, whereas total body weight is merely 30%. One reason is due to increase in the number of interconnections among cells. These interconnects allow for more complex communication between neurons, permitRead MoreUnifying Principles of10026 Words   |  41 Pagesintroduced which, while certainly part of the fabric of organizational life, appears only loosely tied to prior topics. Even within a weekly topic, such as motivation or leadership, it is often challenging to find a single model that links together all the disparate theories. Thus, a course on organizational behavior and management is unlike a course in mathematics or physics, where the early principles provide a foundation from which more complex models emerge. This is both a blessing and curseRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCredits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in anyRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesinteractive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced student user Ask your local representative for details! Collaborate withRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagessources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any

Find Out Whos Concerned About German 6 Paragraph Essay Samples and Why You Should be Listening to Them

Find Out Who's Concerned About German 6 Paragraph Essay Samples and Why You Should be Listening to Them The Definitive Strategy for German 6 Paragraph Essay Samples In the English classroom, though, a text has traditionally been a parcel of literature. Each sort of essay has its very own structural features, which must be cautiously studied and known. You must compose a reflective essay that is simple to comprehend and you can do it by utilizing simple language. If you're writing a descriptive essay you may dedicate every one of the six paragraphs within the body of your text to a specific description or characteristic. Don't hesitate to browse the webpage and click on any individual download hyperlink button below a sample which you like. You should likewise be able to summarize data, distinguishing the most significant features. For the body of the paragraph, list three or more points which you want to go over. German 6 Paragraph Essay Samples - Dead or Alive? It's possible for you to come across reasonable suggestions to describe and argue. Attempt to earn a list of all of the ideas, when you find out more about the subject. Everyone knows that any customized essay ought to be interestingFree inquiries. The majority of the moment, expository essays are presented by offering a wide variety of topics and approaches to bring up the idea. Review what you've been requested to address in your essay Sometimes educational institutions wish to learn more than just your career targets. Link education to your upcoming career Elaborate how your educational background will enable you to attain your professional targets. As a result of diverse services offered by nurses, it's the need of hour to compose essays about the nursing. The duty of nurses is extremely sensitive. While it is clear that essays are an inevitable part of college life, it's the understanding of the tiny essay writing tips and secrets that makes college professors satisfied. Students prefer issues which are more complex. Usually they are not able to write a nice 5 paragraph essay simply because their tutors don't provide all the necessary requirements and forget that students are not professional writers. If they care about the result, they conduct a big science investigation searching for top benefits of chosen ideas. German 6 Paragraph Essay Samples: the Ultimate Convenience! Also, utilize all the scratch paper you require. The thriving paper should give answers. Revising a whole paper is a tough job. Writing essays isn't easy for a great deal of students and should you feel you cannot compose a great essay you will discover that it's very hard to motivate yourself to sit down and write. Expository essays offer better comprehension of a specific topic. The five-paragraph essay can help to compose a very clear response on this issue of a text. The three-paragraph essay isn't an exception. Dedicating an entire paragraph to the expert achievements of your mentor is a waste of space which should be employed to discuss your achievements. The decision of the poem can be viewed with regard to the maturation of the human brain with the coming of science. So it conveys the idea of the importance of nature to human being and why it is always good to synchronize with it. There are different kinds of poems that are analyzed with a distinctive approach depending on the period to which the poem belongs. There's a greater chance you will reach your aims by writing them down. You will make your point in precisely the same way, and you'll write it out in the identical way. The major issue isn't just to reveal the topic, but also to ensure it is interesting, attempting to grab the reader's attention from the very first sentence. The exact same should be achieved with the very first and second point. The last paragraph is going to be your conclusion. The last paragraph in an essay is normally the conclusion. The most important portion of your essay should consist of 3 paragraphs. A five paragraph essay is just different since there is a set quantity of paragraphs in it. You've got to include things like the introduction, body and conclusion in only two paragraphs. You may choose to wait on the conclusion until you've actually written the paper. The conclusion comes from the most important paragraph.

Jackie Robinson Breaking the Color Barrier Free Essays

April 15, 1946 was an important event in not only baseball history but also in the history of America. Thousands of baseball fans crowded into Ebbits Field to see one man, the first black ever to play in Major League Baseball, and one man who would eventually put an end to segregation in baseball. That one man†s name is Jack Roosevelt Robinson, otherwise known as Jackie Robinson. We will write a custom essay sample on Jackie Robinson: Breaking the Color Barrier or any similar topic only for you Order Now His struggle to break the color barrier helped set the standards for future black athletes to come. Jackie Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, to Millie and Jerry Robinson. He was the youngest of five children and always wanted his life to be better than it was. At age five, Jackie†s father left home and his mother moved the family to California. Because his father wasn†t around to help, they were supported by welfare. As a result of this, Jackie had to work several jobs to help support the family. He was involved in several crimes and robberies with the Pepper Street Gang but with the help of Carl Anderson and Reverend Karl Downs this life of crime didn†t last long. Both men were able to point Jackie in a positive direction by having him focus on athletics. After graduating high school, Jackie attended Pasadena Junior College. He then received a scholarship to UCLA where he excelled in every sport he played. He was the first black to be successful in playing all four varsity team sports. Although he was a good athlete, Jackie didn†t complete his senior year of college. Instead, he joined the National Youth Administration where he played baseball to entertain campers and worked with children. In 1941, Jackie joined the United States Army. After graduating from Officers Candidate School, he became second lieutenant in what was then a segregated army. Jackie protested the U.S. Army†s mistreatment of black soldiers in his unit and was later arrested for this act. He received an honorable discharge , including the rank of first lieutenant. Jackie began his professional baseball career in 1945 with the Kansas City Monarchs. Because of the segregation in America, black communities formed their own version of Major League Baseball. The result of this was the beginning of the Negro Leagues. From 1920, when the first national league was founded, until 1946, when Jackie first stepped across the color barrier into organized baseball, the Negro Leagues, grew , matured, overcame hardships and even flourished ( Rogsin 6). In fact, the Negro Leagues became one of the largest most successful black businesses in the United States before the breakdown of segregation (Rogsin 6 ). The management of the two leagues may rank among the highest of achievements in African- American History. In 1945, Branch Rickey, the owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers, was looking for a black player to break the color barrier and join the Major League Baseball Association. According to Rickey, this person had to be able to cope with insults, name-calling and abuse. He had heard of Jackie Robinson†s outstanding performances in the Negro Leagues and sent out his scouts to see him. After a long meeting, Jackie decided to join Even though agreeing to join the Dodgers seemed challenging, Jackie†s biggest challenge was yet to come. At this point in American History, it was unheard of to have a black person treated equally to a white person. It was also unlikely for a black person to play on the same baseball field as a white person. There were separate schools, separate water fountains and even separate baseball leagues. One might look at this situation as two different worlds being afraid of each other(Aaron 2). Life was unkind to blacks who tried to bring these two world together but, in Jackie Robinson†s case, it was just something that had to be done. Breaking baseball†s color barrier was a serious challenge. Branch Rickey warned Jackie about all of the racial slurs and name calling that would go on. Throughout the season, he received several unsigned letters threatening death if he continued to play baseball. Rival players when as far as throwing pitches at his head when he came up to bat. They also spat on him when sliding into a base and even tried hurting him with the spikes on their shoes. Discrimination continued off the field. When the Dodgers played on the road, Jackie wasn†t allowed to stay in the same hotel as his teammates. He had to stay in a hotel especially for blacks or in private homes. Whenever he did stay with his teammates, he wasn†t allowed pass the pool room. Toward the end of the season, things were starting to get better. Jackie finally got the respect from everyone including his teammates. The pitches at his head stopped, most racial slurs stopped, and Jackie was finally being treated like a baseball player(Aaron 24). It was obvious that people were looking beyond the color of his skin and finally realizing that Jackie Robinson was indeed a good baseball player. Jackie contributed a lot to the Major leagues but his biggest contribution was opening the league for black players after him. It wasn†t until the year Jackie retired that all sixteen major league teams had at least one black player. Jackie retired in 1956 and began to strike back and speak out on racial issues. When Jackie Robinson spoke, every black player listened. He made it clear to them that they weren†t playing just for themselves or for their teams, they were playing for their people. According to Jackie, if they played as if they were on a mission , it was because he sent them out on one Jackie died in 1972. When he died, apart of baseball died as well. He will always be remember for all that he did for African- Americans. He went through many obstacles but he got through it all. He achieved his dream and went beyond all that he wanted to do. Today many African- Americans thank Jackie for doing what he did to show African-Americans are just as good as anyone else. How to cite Jackie Robinson: Breaking the Color Barrier, Essay examples

The Truth About Ghostwriting

THE TRUTH ABOUT GHOSTWRITING Ronald Reagan once quipped about his autobiography, â€Å"I hear it’s a terrific book. One of these days I’m going to read it myself.† Rarely does a celebrity exhibit such candor in acknowledging their partnership with a ghostwriter. In fact, the entire practice of ghostwriting seems shaded in mystery. To deconstruct the myths and doubts surrounding the practice, we’re shining light on some of the most common questions about ghostwriting: What is a ghostwriter? The Free Dictionary defines the term as â€Å"one who writes for and gives credit of authorship to another† while Oxford Dictionary specifies that a ghostwriter is â€Å"a person whose job it is to write material for someone else who is the named author.† The practice dates back as far as the 5th century B.C., when scribes wrote material for royalty. And world leaders throughout history have relied on ghostwriters to present an amenable front to their constituents. Even venerable George Washington didn’t craft his own Farewell Address; he left that to Alexander Hamilton. Christy Walsh – known as America’s first sports agent – coined the word in 1921, as he found ghostwriters to write autobiographies for sports stars, including the legendary Babe Ruth. Walsh was open about his practice of using ghostwriters, famously saying, â€Å"Dont insult the intelligence of the public by claiming these men write their own stuff.† But the practice existed as a   mostly hidden secret of the publishing world for many years. Today, electronic publishing options have made producing a book or other works a more affordable prospect. Coupled with the rise of electronic media, celebrity memoirs have become an industry standard, increasing demand for ghostwriting assistance. Why use a ghostwriter? If you lack the time or skill to articulate your ideas into written form, a ghostwriter can help. Whether you need assistance crafting a compelling whitepaper or compiling your family history into a memoir, you can find ghostwriters with experience in a wide variety of written form. When evaluating the prospect of bringing a ghostwriter on to your project, ask yourself the following questions: Do I have the time to devote to writing and proofreading this project? Do I have the discipline to write this material in an efficient manner? Do I have the skill to professionally communicate my ideas in written form? Do I enjoy the writing process? Do I have the skills necessary to research and conduct interviews on this topic? Do I have the budget to hire a quality ghostwriter? Who uses ghostwriters? Busy professionals often lack the time to devote to an intensive writing project. While many people enjoy writing as a creative outlet – journaling their thoughts or sharing ideas on social media – they may lack the professional polish needed for certain publications. In these instances, a creative thinker pairs well with a ghostwriter. Politicians, celebrities, business leaders, and even family historians use ghostwriters. Ghostwriters tackle not only the well-known formats of memoirs and works of fiction. They also work on a diverse range of projects, including: blogs, thought leadership pieces, speeches, scripts, ebooks, Wikipedia entries, song lyrics, op-eds, and editorial content. Which celebrities use ghostwriters? The better question is â€Å"Which celebrities don’t use ghostwriters?† In the world of celebrity memoir, ghostwriting rates approach 100%. Even highly-regarded, award-winning books like John F. Kennedy’s Pulitzer Prize-winning Profiles in Courage often have a ghostwriter behind them. On the flip side, some celebrities have taken their turn as ghostwriters. Before becoming a household name, Barry Manilow wrote advertising jingles such as State Farm’s enduring â€Å"Like a Good Neighbor† and Band-Aid’s â€Å"I am Stuck on Band-Aid.† Which authors use ghostwriters? A Priceonomics article on ghostwriting suggests that at least 25% of the New York Times nonfiction bestseller list is ghostwritten. The practice is rampant in fiction genres as well. Perhaps the most famous examples of ghostwritten fiction are the iconic Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys series. These children’s books, launched in the 1920s and 1930s and having accumulated nearly 200 books in each series to date, were written by various ghostwriters under a common pseudonym. More recently, Tom Clancy and James Patterson owned up to using ghostwriters for some of their works. If you notice an author’s successive books debuting on shelves at a rapid pace, chances are good that there’s a ghostwriter involved. How do I find a ghostwriter? Comb through trade journals, newspaper articles, and websites for authors who have worked on material in your field. These authors may be open to ghostwriting work. When perusing books, look for keywords on the cover such as â€Å"with† in smaller print after the primary author’s name. The acknowledgements page also sometimes gives a nod to a ghostwriter. Professional writing firms often offer ghostwriting services along with in-house editing. These firms may offer a team approach that involves a ghostwriter working alongside a proofreader and editor. Such collaboration often leads to a more polished manuscript. Look for these attributes as you evaluate potential ghostwriters: Portfolio – Ask to see examples of the writer’s work. Organization – The writer should meet deadlines and communicate efficiently. Professionalism – The writer should maintain a non-judgmental air, enabling you to comfortably share ideas and research without fear of criticism. Respect – The writer gives you final say and the opportunity to approve, ask questions, and give feedback on all material. Discretion – The writer agrees to sign a non-disclosure agreement. How much do ghostwriters charge? Ghostwriting fees vary dramatically, depending on the amount of work required and experience level of the writer. Ghostwriters may bill hourly, by the word, or by the project. Some ghostwriters looking to build their portfolios may agree to a lower upfront fee accompanied by a percentage of royalties. Reputable ghostwriters’ rates usually start in the hundreds for the smallest projects and go up from there. Expect to pay at least $20,000 for a full length book. Elite ghostwriters charge upwards of $500,000 for their work on celebrity memoirs. As in many industries, ghostwriting costs can be reduced through outsourcing the trade to locations like India and China. While outsourced prices may seem like a bargain, the savings should be weighed against the value of writing produced in one’s native language. The English language contains numerous nuances that can lead to choppy and awkward outsourced or translated copy. In ghostwriting, the adage â€Å"you get what you pay for† usually rings true. How do ghostwriters work? â€Å"I’m fulfilling a similar function to a barrister in court, pleading the case of their client,† says prolific ghostwriter Andrew Crofts. â€Å"I listen to their story and then tell it for them, helping to get across their view of the world and the way things happen in it.† Early in a project, the named author conferences with the ghostwriter, sharing notes, outlines, and ideas. The ghostwriter conducts a series of interviews with the named author and other relevant parties. The ghostwriter typically spends significant time researching through interviews and other means. Finally, the ghostwriter composes the manuscript, communicating with the named author on any pertinent questions. The named author receives the manuscript for review prior to publication. Some ghostwriters share their work with the named author throughout the process. Others feel sharing the work in progress disturbs their creative flow and argue they can work more efficiently with minimal client interaction. If you are considering hiring a ghostwriter, choose a working relationship – collaborative or turnkey – that feels right to you. Collaborative relationships often require more from the named author in terms of time and dedication to the project, but the danger of getting a â€Å"surprise† at the end of the process is generally reduced. What are some common myths about ghostwriting? Given the unusual name, the ghostwriting field garners much intrigue and misunderstanding. Common myths include: Ghostwriters are hard to find – With careful research, you should be able to find a ghostwriter skilled to write in your content area. Ghostwriters work on commission – Most ghostwriters work on a flat rate and are open to discussing payment options prior to beginning work on your project. Any writer can effectively ghostwrite – It takes a special skill set to conduct the necessary research, provide customer service, and convincingly write in someone else’s voice. Many prominent authors fail as ghostwriters. Is it illegal to use ghostwriters? Ghostwriting is not illegal. In fact, Calvin Coolidge was the last U.S. President who did not keep a full-time ghostwriter on staff. The practice is widely embraced by politicians, the business world, and the publishing industry alike. Are ghostwriters credited? Ghostwriters are usually not credited, though some named authors may choose to acknowledge a ghostwriter using â€Å"with† or â€Å"as told to† on the cover of their publication. Other named authors show appreciation to their ghostwriter on the acknowledgements page. Make sense of the semantics by considering that Webster defines author as â€Å"one that originates or creates.† The word derived from the Latin auctor (one who gives increase), as in â€Å"an originator or causer.† Since a ghostwriter does not â€Å"originate† an idea, but works to bring the ideas of others to written fruition, the originator of the work takes credit as the named author. Some confusion exists between the terms â€Å"ghostwriter† and â€Å"co-author.† These terms differ in that – although a ghostwriter should provide proactive feedback or suggestions – a ghostwriter typically provides content based on the instructions and ideas of another person. A co-author expects to work as a partner in the venture, will be a named author on the book, and will share in proceeds. Their subject-matter expertise is often essential to forming the material concept for the work. Is it ethical to use ghostwriters? Ghostwriting is accepted without much ado in most fields, with two notable exceptions. Ethical concerns can present regarding medical ghostwriting, the practice of attaching the names of scientists or physicians to ghostwritten articles and publishing the material in medical journals. â€Å"This behavior creates obvious conflicts of interest, distorts medical evidence, [and] affects consumers by their bias towards certain drugs,† writes Ernesto Spinak on SciELO in Perspective. A 2008 survey published in the British Medical Journal found the â€Å"prevalence of articles with honorary authorship, ghost authorship, or both† at around 20% of articles published in a selection of general medical journals. Academic ghostwriting also creates concern. Naturally, some college students are keen on avoiding the arduous task of essay writing. So-called â€Å"essay mills† step in and ghostwrite papers for students. The practice is not illegal in the United States or the United Kingdom. However, the practice is considered unethical and is subject to the charge of â€Å"academic fraud,† with subsequent university penalties. Is ghostwriting plagiarism? Ghostwriting is not considered plagiarism because plagiarism involves the theft of original writing. Ghostwriting involves a mutually agreed upon collaboration and compensated exchange of written material.